IMPORTANT

Performance anxieties and skill acquisition are innately intertwined. Every athlete has their own personal relationship with the mental game. Thus, every athlete is treated as an individual.

GOAL: Enhance football performance using a peer reviewed scientific model of imagery & hypnosis

Adding hypnosis as a method to access imagery is like turbocharging your practice. Like using a magnifying glass to focus, hypnosis clarifies imagery and emotions.

Each of these disciplines/techniques are stand-alone methods for enhancing sports performance. I have incorporated them into a unique and extraordinarily successful multisensorial tool. The purpose of this article is not to go into detail about each of these techniques. Rather the focus is to integrate these methods into the PETTLEP model of imagery.

“When I train, one of the things I concentrate on is creating a mental picture of how best deliver the ball to a teammate, preferably leaving him alone in front of the rival goalkeeper. So, what I do, always before a game, always, every night and every day, is try and think up things, imagine plays, which no one else will have thought of, and to do so always bearing in mind the particular strength of each team-mate to whom I am passing the ball. When I construct those plays in my mind I take into account whether one team-mate likes to receive the ball at his feet, or ahead of him; if he is good with his head, and how he prefers to head the ball; if he is stronger on his right or his left foot. That is my job. That is what I do. I imagine the game.” Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (Ronaldinho)

The PETTLEP Model of Imagery

Considerable scientific research demonstrates that imagery is an influential tool in sports psychology(Driskell, Copper, & Moran, 1994).

Brain imaging techniques suggest that imaging a skill accesses the same neural regions of the brain as actually performing the action(Ehrsson, Geyer, & Naito, 2003; Fadiga et al, 1999). Overlap in brain activation is called functional equivalence. This is one reason why imagery leads to beneficial effects on physical performance.

Functional Equivalence For Football/Soccer

Holmes and Collins(2001) developed the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. This framework heightens the functional equivalence between imagery and physical performance.

Each letter in PETTLEP represents an important factor when implementing imagery interventions. The model proposes seven elements. When manipulated, these can increase functional equivalence. PETTLEP means Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, and Perspective.

I’m going to specifically focus on the penalty kick for these seven elements. However, any other mental or physical skill can be substituted.

Physical – image the relevant physical characteristics. For example, a footballer would image themselves dressed in their kit with the football at their feet. Imagine going through the mechanics for the run-up and strike of the ball. Include the images of the body movements of the goalkeeper and where best to kick the ball.

Environment – image the performance where it takes place, e.g., football pitch. Imagine the journey to the venue, walking onto the pitch, the sound of the spectators.

Task – try to image details relevant to the task (e.g., attentional demands). Image at the appropriate level of expertise for the performer. A novice footballer avoids imagining elite-level moves because he or she is not at that level yet. The penalty taker focuses concentration on the balance, body position, and placement of the goalkeeper.

Timing – the most ‘functionally equivalent’ approach is to image in real time. But slow-motion imagery is used to emphasise and perfect more difficult aspects of a skill. A novice footballer may wish to slow-motion image a particularly tricky piece of footwork. Christiano Ronaldo illustrates one of the greatest tricky pieces of football in the following video.

“Learn to train your mind as well as your body, mental strength is just as important as physical strength and will help you achieve your goals,” Christanio Ronaldo.

Learning – continually adapt and review the imagery over time. Match changing task demands to the experience level of the athlete. As a novice footballer progresses and masters a skill, adapt the imagery to reflect their improvement in performance. The only way to get better at taking penalties is repetition. Create visual scenarios of where the ball will be kicked. Base the imagery on the minute body movements of the goalkeeper. Repeat this imagery over and over until micro movements become second nature to you.

Emotion – add the feelings that go with performing the physical situation. Avoid debilitative emotions (e.g., fear, panic). For example, a player imaging taking a penalty would include feelings of confidence and adrenaline rushes. There is no way to replicate the emotions that you will feel on the big kick of the day. But you can prepare for a sense of peaceful relaxation and confidence by practicing calmness and control in your imagery.

Perspective – imagery perspective can be first person (through your own eyes) or third person (like watching yourself on video). One perspective may be more advantageous depending on the task characteristics. First-person perspective may be more beneficial for tasks including open skills or a focus on timing (e.g., tackling). On the other hand, a third-person perspective (or external visual imagery) is preferred for tasks where form and positioning is important, such as heading the ball or kicking technique(Hardy & Callow, 1999).

References

Ehrsson, H. H., Geyer, S., & Naito, E. (2003). Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90; 3304-3316.

Driskell, J. E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice improve performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79; 481-492.

Ramsey, R., Cummings, J., Edwards, M., Williams, G., & Brimming, S. (2010). Examining the emotion aspect of PETTLEP-based imagery with penalty taking in soccer. Journal of Sport Behavior 33; 295-314.

Holmes, P. S. & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13; 60-83.