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Hypnosis and hypnotherapy with children
Book overview
The revised and expanded third edition of this popular text combines an up-to-date review of the relevant literature with a thorough and practical discussion of psychological and medical applications. Illustrated by substantially enriched case material, each section has undergone extensive review and revision, and the book features completely new chapters on biofeedback and teaching child hypnotherapy. The authors provide successful hypnotherapeutic strategies for treating conditions including psychological disorders, habit disorders, learning and performance difficulties, pain, pediatric medical problems, and grief, mourning, and terminal illness. This book will be of value to professionals including psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists, pediatricians and family doctors.
By Karen Olness, Daniel P. Kohen
Hypnosis and Memory
Book overview
The rapid growth of interest in the role of hypnosis for memory enhancement has generated a significant amount of experimental work in recent years. This book is the first to provide in a single volume a comprehensive discussion of the conceptual and methodological foundations underlying studies of hypnosis and human memory. Written by leading figures in psychology and psychiatry, chapters explore the effects of hypnosis upon recall while integrating both forensic and clinical case examples.
By Helen Marie Pettinati
International handbook of clinical hypnosis
By Graham D. Burrows, Robb Stanley, Peter B. Bloom
› Overview
Book overview
Clinical Hypnosis has proved successful in a variety of clinical situations. This handbook, with its practical approach, covers both the scientific and clinical aspects of hypnosis providing information on a range of available psychological and physical treatments.
Explains how to learn and apply hypnosis in clinical situations
World renowned editors
Comprehensive coverage of relevant issues
This title will be invaluable to practising psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, medical hypnotists and mental health care workers.
No preview available
- 2001 - 353 pages -
The Practice of hypnotism
By André Muller Weitzenhoffer
Book overview
The field of hypnotism has greatly evolved in recent years. Since the publication of the successful award-winning first edition of this book, some 1,200 research and clinical articles on hypnotism have been published in American journals alone and a multitude of related books have been written. With so many important contributions in this field occurring in such a short time, there is great need for a resource that reflects the current thinking and incorporates the latest techniques.
The Practice of Hypnotism, Second Edition is that resource, providing the most up-to-date information available on hypnotism and hypnotherapy. Written by Andre Weitzenhoffer, PhD, a leading expert in the field for over forty-five years, the book examines the past and present thinking about hypnotic phenomena in an objective fashion. It provides valuable background information, ideas for future research, and a wealth of detailed, practical instruction for the production of hypnotic phenomena and the treatment of a large variety of health-related problems.
Like the first edition, this book aims to present hypnotism from a scientific perspective. It also includes the bases upon which the author and others in the field have made their judgments, enabling the reader to make independent determinations based on the most complete information.
The Practice of Hypnotism has evolved from the original two-volume set to a single, comprehensive volume in two parts: Foundations of Suggestion and Hypnosis; Clinical Hypnotism and Other Applications. Each chapter presents basic material at a relatively elementary level, gradually moving into the more advanced material at a comfortable pace.
This Second Edition features a wealth of new information that reflects the latest findings of research and clinical experience in using hypnotism, including: * Complete rewrites of chapters on measurements relevant to and on the state of hypnosis * New chapters on suggestion and suggestibility and the treatment of anxiety * A revised chapter on self-hypnosis, includ ing a detailed training procedure * Expanded and reorganized material on the Ericksonian approachMajor revisions regarding the socio-cognitive and the cognitive-behavioral positions on hypnotic phenomena * Suggestions for future research
For the effective, safe, and well-informed practice of hypnotism, The Practice of Hypnotism, Second Edition is the definitive resource. It addresses the special interests and needs of practicing health care professionals, researchers, and other professionals; those new to hypnotism; and seasoned readers looking for accurate facts and a different scientific viewpoint on the subject. Like the first edition, this edition will also serve well as a textbook for self-study or to complement courses.
A newly revised, thoroughly updated edition of the most complete resource on hypnotism and hypnotherapy.
Designed to help researchers, health care providers, and other professionals safely and confidently produce and use hypnosis, The Practice of Hypnotism, Second Edition is filled with the most up-to-date information available on hypnotism and its techniques.
Offering the same comprehensive coverage as the very successful two-volume set of the first edition, it provides highly practical instruction on producing hypnotic effects and treating a wide variety of health and behavioral problems, and examines current thinking on these subjects. Written by a leading expert in the field, this book reports on the latest research findings and clinical experience, and includes many sections that have been extensively revised and expanded to cover recent developments.
Hypnotherapeutic techniques
By Arreed Barabasz, John Goodrich Watkins
Book overview
Two premier hypnotherapists collaborate on a new edition of this award-winning text, a collection of techniques and information about hypnosis that no serious student or practitioner should be without. A thorough and practical handbook of various hypnotherapeutic measures, it contains illustrative examples and logically argued selection methods to help practitioners choose the ideal method for a needed purpose. Section by section, it breaks out the various methods and phenomena of hypnosis into easily digested chunks, so the reader can pick and choose at leisure. An excellent practical guide and reference that is sure to be used regularly. The authors have a wide and longstanding experience on the subject and thus can stay on clinically approvable methods.
The clinical use of hypnosis in cognitive behavior therapy
By Robin A Chapman
In this practitioner's guide, clinical psychologists and hypnotists provide a theoretical framework for the integration of cognitive behavior therapy with hypnosis. They address the evidence-base for this addition and illustrate a variety of clinical applications.
Treating depression with hypnosis
By Michael D. Yapko
Depression is a debilitating human condition and a common cause of suffering worldwide. This elicits a sense of urgency for mental health professionals to meet this challenge of the treatment of depression. Hypnosis plays a vital role in that treatment and in the efficacy of psychotherapy.
This book focuses on the structuring and delivering of hypnotic interventions for major depression, with a substantial use of concepts and techniques from cognitive-behavioral and strategic approaches as a foundation. Current research on depression is used in this book to emphasize the still-growing knowledge of depression. Hypnosis has shown itself to be effective in not only reducing symptoms, but in teaching the skills (such as rationale thinking, effective problem-solving and coping strategies, and positive relationship skills) that can even prevent recurrences. Mental health professionals will find the detailed examples of hypnotic strategies invaluable to their own practice and application of hypnosis in the treatment of depression.
Trancework:an introduction to the practice of clinical hypnosis
By Michael D. Yapko
Trancework, the most comprehensive guide to learning the fundamental skills of clinical hypnosis, is now available in an updated and improved third edition. Yapko clearly and dynamically introduces readers to a broad range of hypnotic methods and techniques that will greatly enhance the effectiveness of preferred modes of therapy. Chapters are filled with new and practical information, including extensive academic references, sample transcripts, thorough summary tables of key points, and interviews with leading figures in the field--Jay Haley, Theodore X. Barber, Ernest R. Hilgard, David Spiegel, Jeffrey Zeig, and Karen Olness, among others. This new edition specifically addresses the growing emphasis within psychotherapy on proving efficacy through empirical data, the controversy of repressed memory that has divided the profession, and the advances in cognitive neuroscience that are stimulating new research. For newcomers, Tranceworkis an authoritative primer, demystifyinghypnosis and offering step-by-step instruction for integrating it into clinical practice. Those familiar with hypnotic procedure will welcome Yapko's presentation of influential theories, controversies, treatment approaches, and rich case material. All readers alike are guided through personal and professional enrichment as they discover the art and science of clinical hypnosis as presented in this essential guide.
Limited preview - Edition: 3 - 2003 - 578 pages -Medical
Trance and treatment: clinical uses of hypnosis
Book overview By David Spiegal
"What is hypnosis?" Despite widespread misconceptions, hypnosis is not a treatment in itself; instead, it is a facilitator-a useful diagnostic tool that can help the practitioner choose an appropriate treatment modality and accelerate various primary treatment strategies.
The second edition of this remarkable work (first published 25 years ago) is written to provide both beginning and seasoned practitioners with a brief, disciplined technique for mobilizing and learning from an individual's capacity to concentrate. Putting to rest both exaggerated fears about hypnosis and overblown statements of its efficacy, this compelling volume brings scientific discipline to a systematic exploration of the clinical uses and limitations of hypnosis.
The challenge was to develop a clinical measurement that could transform a fascinating amalgam of anecdotes, speculations, clinical intuitions and observations, and laboratory advances into a more fruitful and systematic body of information. Thus was born the authors' Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP), a crucial 10-minute clinical assessment procedure that relates the spectrum of hypnotizability to personality style, psychopathology, and treatment outcome.
Structured to reflect the flow of a typical evaluation and treatment session and highlighted by case examples throughout, this remarkable synthesis describes how to use the HIP, reviews relevant literature, and details principles and short- and long-term treatment strategies for smoking control; eating disorders; anxiety, concentration, and insomnia; phobias; pain control; psychosomatic disorders and conversion symptoms; trichotillomania; stuttering; and acute and posttraumatic stress disorders and dissociation. Meticulously referenced and indexed, this in-depth work concludes with an appendix on the interpretation and standardization of the HIP. This unique work stands out in the literature because It is written both as an introduction for practitioners new to hypnosis and as an in-depth guide for practitioners with wide experience in hypnosis. Unlike current clinical works, it emphasizes the importance of performing a systematic assessment of hypnotizability to identify, measure, and utilize a given patient's optimal therapeutic potential-a process that, until now, has been relegated to clinical intuition. It describes human behavior phenomenologically as it relates to hypnosis in a probable rather than an absolute fashion. It reviews only specific portions of the literature that are particularly relevant to the important themes presented by the authors. Wherever possible, the authors apply statistical methods to test their hypotheses.
The realm of scientific investigation encompassing hypnosis and psychological dysfunction is comparatively new. This exceptional volume, with its profusion of systematic data, will spark controversy and interest among scientific students of hypnosis everywhere, from psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychoanalysts to physicians, dentists, and other interested clinicians.
Hypnotherapeutic techniques
Book overview
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Two premier hypnotherapists collaborate on a new edition of this award-winning text, a collection of techniques and information about hypnosis that no serious student or practitioner should be without. A thorough and practical handbook of various hypnotherapeutic measures, it contains illustrative examples and logically argued selection methods to help practitioners choose the ideal method for a needed purpose. Section by section, it breaks out the various methods and phenomena of hypnosis into easily digested chunks, so the reader can pick and choose at leisure. An excellent practical guide and reference that is sure to be used regularly. The authors have a wide and longstanding experience on the subject and thus can stay on clinically approvable methods.
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Handbook of hypnotic suggestions and metaphors
Book overview
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Designed as a practical desktop reference, this official publication of the American Society of CLinical Hypnosis is the largest collection of hypnotic suggestions and metaphors ever compiled. It provides a look at what experienced clinicians actually say to their patients during hypnotic work. A book to be savored and referred to time and again, this handbook will become a dog-eared resource for the clinician using hypnosis.
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36 Sport &Exercise Psychology Review Vol 1 No 1 © The British Psychological Society 2005 GISSN 1745-4980
Case history and initial assessment
T
HE PARTICIPANTwas a female ama-
teur judoka who was ranked within the
top six in Great Britain at the start of the
intervention. The participant trained three
times a week. Preliminary interviews with the
participant revealed that she lacked self-effi-
cacy (self-confidence) for training and com-
petition after having a year out from
competing due to the break-up of a long
standing personal relationship. Although
self-confidence is a term often used by ath-
letes to describe a belief in their ability to be
successful, psychologists typically refer to the
construct of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is
defined as ‘…a belief in one’s capabilities to
organise and execute the courses of action
required to produce given attainments’
(Bandura, 1997, p.3). The term self-efficacy
reflects situation-specific self-confidence (i.e.
the belief to successfully execute a specific
move in judo) as opposed to global self-con-
fidence (i.e. confidence in your ability as a
judoka) which is more of a personality trait
or disposition (Cox, 2002). Bandura (1986,
1997) proposes that performance accom-
plishments (i.e. experiencing success), vicar-
ious experiences (i.e. viewing a skilled
performer), verbal persuasion (i.e. positive
self-talk) and emotional arousal (i.e. being
emotionally ready and optimally aroused)
are all essential elements that determine an
individual’s level of self-efficacy.
Following a discussion with her coach the
participant had decided to return to training
and competition and to ‘give it one more
go’. Since returning to training the partici-
pant reported that she felt ‘inferior’ and ‘did
not deserve to be on the mat’ as well as expe-
riencing thoughts of failing during training
and competition. This was often the case
when the participant was faced with familiar
opponents. The participant believed that
these thoughts stemmed from a poor run of
form prior to her break from competition.
Because of her low level of self-efficacy the
participant believed that she had become
‘soft’ on the mat, which prevented her hav-
ing the necessary ‘edge’ to compete at a high
level. The participant’s performances were
poorer than past seasons and this was caus-
ing her worry and frustration.
The participant wished to have a greater
belief in her ability prior both to training
and competition. She also wanted to per-
form well in the upcoming National Trials
(which were three months away at the start
of the study) and be more consistent
throughout competitions during the season.
To provide a baseline measure of the type of
Using hypnosis to increase self-efficacy:
A case study in elite judo
Jamie B. Barker & Marc V. Jones
An elite female judoka reported a debilitating level of self-efficacy relative to judo performance. Pre- and
post-intervention data were collected via a specifically designed self-efficacy questionnaire (SEQ) that con-
sisted of seven items relating to good judo performance. An intervention programme consisting of eight hyp-
nosis sessions was conducted. These sessions comprised the delivery of general ego-strengthening,
sport-specific ego-strengthening and self-hypnosis suggestions. A pre-performance routine using self-hypnosis
was developed for use prior to training and competition. Data from the SEQ were inconclusive, as there
was a trend towards higher self-efficacy prior to the intervention. However, the participant reported a pos-
itive perception of hypnosis and believed that the use of hypnosis resulted in increased self-belief during both
training and competition. Although further research is needed the findings of this case study suggest that
hypnosis can be used to enhance self-efficacy in sport performers.
mental strategies employed by the partici-
pant the Test of Performance Strategies
(TOPS; Thomas, Murphy & Hardy, 1999)
was administered. In addition, a specifically
developed Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
(SEQ) was completed within 24 hours of the
training session or competition. The SEQ
consists of seven items relating to good judo
performance based on the micro-analytic
approach to self-efficacy assessment outlined
by Treasure, Monson and Lox (1996). The
seven items consisted of the following:
aggression, gripping, newaza (arm locks/
strangles), upping the pace, attacking first,
positive attacking and focus. The participant
noted how certain she had felt of completing
each move successfully in her last training
session/competition. As such, the question-
naire required the participant to recall the
level of self-belief they felt they had about
successfully completing the identified per-
formance-related items during actual per-
formance. A rating of 100 indicated high
certainty and a rating of 0 indicated no belief
in her ability to complete the tasks. Baseline
data were collected over nine training ses-
sions and competitions.
Problem formulation
The intake interview indicated that the par-
ticipant reported a debilitating level of self-
efficacy prior to performance. In addition,
the participant’s mean score on the SEQ was
46.91 (S.D. = 4.01). The results from the pre-
intervention TOPS revealed that the partici-
pant used relaxation strategies much more
frequently in competition as opposed to
training. In addition, she indicated that the
use of imagery and self-talk in training and
competition was infrequent and that she
engaged in a lot of negative thinking when
performing in competition (see Table 1).
Self-efficacy is regarded as a strong and
consistent predictor of successful individual
athletic performance (Kane, Marks, Zaccaro
& Blair, 1996; Treasure, Monson & Lox, 1996).
Self-efficacy levels are proposed to impact per-
formance by determining levels of motivation
which will be reflected in the challenges indi-
viduals undertake, the effort they expend and
levels of perseverance (Bandura, 1997). Self-
efficacy judgements have also been shown to
influence certain thought patterns (e.g. goal
intentions, worries, causal attributions) and
emotional reactions such as, pride, shame,
happiness, and sadness (Bandura, 1997).
TOPS variable Pre TOPS score Post TOPS score
Activation (Practice) 12 13
Activation (Competition) 14 15
Relaxation (Practice) 4 16
Relaxation (Competition) 9 16
Imagery (Practice) 4 16
Imagery (Competition) 6 15
Goal Setting (Practice) 16 19
Goal Setting (Competition) 16 18
Self Talk (Practice) 5 16
Self Talk (Competition) 4 16
Automaticity (Practice) 12 12
Automaticity (Competition) 11 11
Emotional Control (Practice) 12 12
Emotional Control (Competition) 14 14
Attentional Control (Practice) 11 16
Negative Thinking (Competition) 15 8
Table 1: Pre- and post intervention Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS)scores
38 Sport &Exercise Psychology Review Vol 1 NoThere is a plethora of research docu-
menting the effectiveness of a variety of men-
tal techniques in facilitating self-efficacy
within the sport domain (Zinsser, Bunker &
Williams, 2001). Evidence can be found sup-
porting the use of goal setting (Kane et al.,
1996; Locke & Latham, 1990; Schunk, 1991),
positive feedback (Escarti & Guzman, 1999;
Schunk, 1995), imagery (Feltz & Riessinger,
1990; Jones, Mace, Bray, McRae & Stock-
bridge, 2002) and self-talk (Feltz, 1988;
Wilkes & Summers, 1984).
In the current study hypnosis was used as
an intervention to enhance self-efficacy.
Hypnosis can be defined as ‘…an induced
temporary condition of being in a state that
differs mentally and physiologically from a
person’s normal state of being’ (Weitzenhof-
fer, 2000, p.221). Suggestions are given dur-
ing hypnotic trance to alter perceptions,
thoughts, feelings, sensations which facilitate
a long-term change in behaviour (Unestahl,
1983). Recent research by Pates and col-
leagues has focussed on the effectiveness of
hypnosis in generating an appropriate psy-
chological state for competition (Pates,
Cummings & Maynard, 2002; Pates & May-
nard, 2000; Pates, Maynard & Westbury,
2001; Pates, Oliver & Maynard, 2001). These
researchers have been consistently able to
induce a flow state and demonstrate
enhanced performance across a wide variety
of tasks. Despite these positive findings,
there is a need for further research to evalu-
ate the efficacy of hypnosis on psychological
variables such as self-efficacy, in order for
hypnosis to be considered as a performance
enhancing strategy by the sport science com-
munity (Pates, Cummings &Maynard, 2002;
Taylor, Horevitz & Balague, 1993).
Intervention
Initially, the participant revealed that she was
sceptical about the use of hypnosis as a per-
formance enhancing technique. This was a
result of viewing stage hypnosis which
resulted in the construction of a negative
perception. Therefore, prior to the hypnotic
intervention the participant was presented
with information about hypnosis, the nature
of a trance state, and the procedure that
would be followed when inducing a hypnotic
trance. This was to alleviate any misconcep-
tions about hypnosis, to facilitate rapport
(Heap & Aravind, 2001) and alleviate any
anxiety the participant was experiencing
about the use of hypnosis (Hammond,
1990).The participant was also informed
that an appropriately qualified individual
would deliver the hypnosis sessions (all ses-
sions were delivered by the first author, who
holds a Certificate in Clinical Hypnosis from
the London College of Clinical Hypnosis).
Following this, the participant provided
informed consent to participate in the inter-
vention.
The hypnotic intervention commenced
with three sessions that adopted general ego
strengthening suggestions. The sessions
lasted approximately 70 minutes each and
were consultant led. Each session consisted
of the following phases: induction, deep-
ener, post-hypnotic suggestions (PHS) and
awakening. These sessions introduced the
individual to hypnosis and presented them
with suggestions that would stimulate posi-
tive thoughts and behaviours (Hammond,
1990). Then, three sessions that adopted
judo specific ego strengthening suggestions
were undertaken. Again each session lasted
approximately 70 minutes, were consultant
led, and comprised of an induction, deep-
ener, PHS and awakening. An original script
was developed with the athlete to make it
more personal and specific to judo training
and competition. Here terms and phases
that the participant was familiar with were
used. The post-hypnotic suggestions used are
reported in Figure 1 overleaf. The final part
of the intervention comprised two sessions
(each 80 minutes in length and consultant
led) focussing on developing the partici-
pant’s ability to use self-hypnosis. The self-
hypnosis sessions contained the following
phases; induction, deepener, PHS (focussing
on installing self-hypnosis suggestions) and
awakening. This stage provided the partici-
pant with instructions on how to undertake
self-hypnosis when alone. In addition, sug-
gestions focussing on feelings and sensations
were presented (Liggett, 2000). Following
this session the participant was instructed on
how to induce self-hypnosis and was asked to
practice twice daily and to keep a diary doc-
umenting their experiences as well as the
depth of trance they achieved. Frequency of
practice was measured by the completion of
a practice chart which was collected from the
participant each week. This revealed that she
had adhered to her twice daily practice of
self-hypnosis. From these sessions a pre-per-
formance routine that used self-hypnosis was
developed. The routine comprised using
self-hypnosis two hours prior to each train-
When you practice and compete…you will no longer think nearly so much about yourself…you will
no longer dwell nearly so much upon yourself and your difficulties…and you will become much
less conscious of yourself…much less pre-occupied with yourself…and with your feelings…
Every time you practice and compete…your nerves will become stronger and steadier…more
composed…you will become much less easily worried…much less easily agitated…much less easily
fearful and apprehensive…much less easily upset…you will find it much easier to ‘step up’ on the
mat prior to judo performance…
When standing on the mat prior to judo practice and competition you will be able to think more
clearly…you will be able to concentrate more easily…you will be able to give your whole undivided
attention to whatever you are doing…to the complete exclusion of everything else…and you will
find it easier to ‘step up’…
Every time you practice or compete…youwill become and remain… emotionally much calmer…
much more settled…much less easily disturbed…much more dominant…more assertive…stronger
and powerful…more so than you have felt for a long time…
Every time you practice and compete…youwill become and youwill remain…less tense…both
mentally and physically…
And asyou become…and asyou remain…less tense when standing on the mat prior to and during
practice and competition…you will develop much more confidence in yourself…more confidence in
your abilityto do…not only what you have…to do each day…but more confidence in your ability
to do whatever you oughtto be able to do…without fear of failure…without fear of
consequences…without unnecessary anxiety…without uneasiness…
Because of this…every time you practice or compete… you will feel more and more
independent…more able to stick up for yourself…to stand on your own feet to hold your
own…more assertive and powerful… no matter how difficult or trying things may be…
Every time you practice and compete…you will feel a greater feeling of personal well being…a
greater feeling of personal safety and security…more than you have felt for a long, long time…
And because all these things will begin to happen…exactly as I tell you they will happen…more
and more rapidly…powerfully…and completely…with every treatment I give you…you will feel
more confident when standing on the mat prior to both training and competition…
You will consequently become much more able to rely upon…to depend upon…yourself…your own
efforts…your own judgement…your own opinions…in both practice and competition…
Figure 1: Post-hypnotic sport specific ego strengthening suggestions
ing session for a period of four weeks. The
routine was then adapted for the partici-
pant’s first competition of the season when
the participant would use hypnosis at the fol-
lowing times: the night before competition,
morning of the event and upon arrival at the
venue. Here the participant would find a
place that was quiet and where they could
comfortably position themselves without dis-
tractions, and then they would close their
eyes and focus on deep, slow and controlled
breathing. After approximately five minutes
the participant would present themselves
(internally) with positive suggestions that
focussed on self-belief, success and concen-
tration (similar to those outlined in Figure
1). Then the participant would awaken by
opening their eyes and moving their fingers
and toes. The participant later reported that
she was able to find quiet places to conduct
her routine and that she was able to a attain
a deep level of trance when using self-hyp-
nosis in this situation.
Throughout the intervention regular con-
tact was maintained with the participant,
which comprised telephone calls or meetings.
This was not only to facilitate adherence and
outcome, but also to monitor the participant’s
views and feelings about the use of the mental
skill (i.e. hypnosis) and adapt the intervention
if required (Shambrook & Bull, 1999).
Results
In order to analyse the effectiveness of the
intervention 16 post-intervention data points
(SEQ) were collected. The TOPS was also
completed again and a post-intervention
interview was conducted to assess the partic-
ipant’s perception of the intervention. It is
worth noting that data point 25 in Figure 2
represents participation in the National Judo
Trials. In addition, 10 follow-up measures six
months after the intervention were also col-
lected. Data were analysed via visual analysis
and a comparison of pre and post descriptive
statistics. Visual analytical techniques were
used in order to eliminate small effects and
hence promote large intervention effects
(Baer, 1977).
Figure 2 highlights that self-efficacy
increased (during pre- and post-interven-
tion phases) with each training session that
was completed. However, post intervention
and during the follow-up phase this
increase is more gradual and constant. The
participant indicated that during session
17, her mind was filled with positive
thoughts and images about successful per-
formance for the first time since returning
to training and competition. The data also
indicate that the participant experienced
her highest level of self-efficacy (up to that
point) for the National Trials (data point
Figure 2: Pre- and Post-Intervention and 6-Month Follow-Up Self-Efficacy (SEQ) Scores
25). Visual analysis of the pre- and post-
intervention mean scores indicated a mean-
ingful difference across the SEQ scores
(SEQ pre M = 46.91, SD = 4.01; SEQ post M
= 52.52, SD = 2.88).
The post-intervention TOPS scores
revealed an overall improvement in the indi-
vidual’s use of psychological strategies dur-
ing training and competition. The
improvement centred upon an increase in
the use of imagery and self-talk in training
and competition and a reduction in the use
of negative thinking during competition
(Table 1). For example, the participant
reported visualising successful performance
during training session 17.
A post-intervention interview with the
participant revealed that she now held the
intervention in positive regard. She
reported that the intervention helped her
to have greater belief in her ability (i.e. an
increased frequency of positive thoughts),
to feel more relaxed and focused prior to
training and competition and also that
hypnosis had increased her self-belief in
other life situations (e.g. job interview and
a university presentation). Although the
participant had highlighted that she was
sceptical regarding the use of hypnosis at
the beginning of the intervention, she
indicated that she would now recommend
the technique to other athletes. Further-
more, she reported that there had been a
definite change in the belief she had in
her own ability, stating that the ‘self-belief
is now back’. In short, the hypnosis had
become an integral part of her judo
preparation.
The participant finished sixth in the
National Trials, which was slightly lower than
she had aimed for (her goal was to finish
within the top five). However, she reported
feeling pleased with how she had performed
in the competition and overall she was
pleased with her recent performances and
reported being appreciative of the interest
and enthusiasm shown by the consultant in
aiding her development.
Discussion
The study examined the effects of a hypnotic
intervention on an elite judoka experiencing
low levels of self-efficacy during training and
competition. As the number of training ses-
sions increased so did the participant’s level
of self-efficacy. Accordingly, it seems that
training experiences over the study period,
such as performance accomplishments and
vicarious experiences, have contributed to
this increase (Bandura, 1997). However, evi-
dence from the participant implies that hyp-
nosis encouraged a greater use of positive
self-talk and imagery during training and com-
petition. This supports Bandura’s (1986) pre-
diction that verbal persuasion is a significant
factor impacting upon an individual’s level
of self-efficacy. In addition, the participant
felt the hypnotic intervention had allowed
her to feel more (appropriately) psychologi-
cally prepared for competition. Therefore,
supporting research by Pates and colleagues
who successfully used hypnosis to induce
flow states in participants across a variety of
sport related tasks (e.g. Pates & Maynard,
2000; Pates, Cummings &Maynard, 2002).
The use of educational material relating
to hypnosis and the development of a close
rapport with the participant (via telephone
calls and meetings) was thought to aid the
participant’s adherence to the intervention
protocol. From a practical point the estab-
lishing of rapport and reducing the impact
of negative perceptions towards hypnosis
cannot be underestimated in facilitating a
successful outcome (Hammond, 1990; Heap
& Aravind, 2001).
The participant reported a positive per-
ception towards hypnosis and attributed the
use of hypnosis to her having greater self-
belief in her judo ability both in training and
competition. In addition, she also indicated
that her increase in self-efficacy had trans-
ferred into other life tasks. The participant
also successfully incorporated hypnosis into
her judo preparation and reported it being
an integral part of her training schedule six
months after the study.
One potential limitation of the study is the
inability to state that hypnosis was the contrib-
utory factor in facilitating a change in behav-
iour. It appears that the participant
experienced an increase in self-efficacy as she
began training following her return to compe-
tition. However, the participant did report that
the hypnosis was helpful in enhancing her self-
efficacy. Further research is needed within
sport psychology to consistently document the
effect of hypnosis on self-efficacy and other
psychological variables that impact sport per-
formance, such as anxiety and motivation.
The authors
Jamie B. Barker(j.b.barker@staffs.ac.uk)is a
Lecturer in Sport Psychology at Staffordshire
University. Marc V. Jonesis a Reader in Sport
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References
The hypnotic belay in alpine mountaineering: The use of self-hypnosis for the resolution of sports injuries and for performance enhancement
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
MORTON Priscilla A. ;
Résumé / Abstract
The author, an experienced alpine mountaineer, sustained several traumatic climbing injuries over a two-year period. This article describes her multiple uses of self-hypnosis to deal with several challenges related to herreturning to successful mountain climbing. She used self-hypnosis for physical healing and to enhance her motivation to resume climbing. While training for her next expedition, she successfully utilized self-hypnotic techniques to deal with acute stress and later post-traumatic symptoms that had emerged related to her climbing injuries. She describes her use of hypnotic ego-strengthening, mental rehearsal, age progression, and "Inner Strength" as well as active-alert trance states. Her successful summitting of Ecuador's Cotopaxi at 19,380 feet was facilitated by "The Hypnotic Belay" which permitted her to secure herself by self-hypnosis in addition to the rope used to secure climbers. In 1994, the author returned to the Cascade Mountains where she had been injured three years earlier and reached the summit of Mount Shuksan. This time she was secured by "The Hypnotic Belay".
Revue / Journal Title
The American journal of clinical hypnosis ISSN 0002-9157
Source / Source
2003, vol. 46, no1, pp. 45-51 [7 page(s) (article)]
Langue / Language
Anglais
Editeur / Publisher
American Society of Clinical Hypnosis, Des Plaines, IL, ETATS-UNIS (1958) (Revue)
Localisation / Location
INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : 19667, 35400011993442.0040
Nº notice refdoc (ud4) : 149766
Sport Hypnosis
Product Description
Harness the power of your own mind! Hypnosis is now a mainstream, modern training technique used by top professionals; it’s not the submissive state that has been portrayed in movies and misunderstood by the public. It can help you sharpen your mental focus, relax your body, visualize success, stimulate healing, and control your emotions during training or when facing important competitions.
The positive effects are similar to what sport psychologists, coaches, and athletes refer to when they talk about “getting in the zone.” In this state of mental functioning you channel attention and energies fully toward the task at hand. Sport Hypnosis is a guide to that special psychological realm and the higher performance athletes aspire to.
First, Sport Hypnosis presents an overview of mental training and hypnosis. Next, the book provides specific information on how you can use hypnosis to enhance a variety of mental skills. These skills include relaxation, imagery, goal setting, concentration, easing pain, and increasing inner strength. Finally, because athletes rarely focus on one skill at a time, Sport Hypnosis describes in detail how coaches and athletes can apply and combine different hypnotic techniques. Five case studies explain how athletes improved several aspects of their performance through hypnosis. You’ll read how hypnosis helped a soccer player eliminate a long-standing, debilitating hamstring pain and how a basketball player achieved a higher free-throw percentage.
Author Dr. Don Liggett presents the hypnosis techniques that he has applied effectively with athletes in many different sports. You can adopt these techniques readily to your own training and competitions. If you’re looking for a way to improve the mental side of your performance equation, Sport Hypnosis just may be the edge you need to become a champion.
Contents
Part I. Incorporating Hypnosis Into Mental Training
Chapter 1. Demystifying Hypnosis
Chapter 2. Taking Mental Training to the Next Level
Part II. Developing Specific Mental Training Skills Chapter 3. Easing Out Tension Chapter 4. Imaging Perfect Performance Chapter 5. Mobilizing Energy Chapter 6. Building Motivation With Goals Chapter 7. Optimizing Arousal Levels Chapter 8. Eliminating Distractions Chapter 9. Gaining Inner Strength Chapter 10. Easing Pain Chapter 11. Unleashing Self-Healing
Part III. Learning From Case Studies Chapter 12. David, the Quarterback Chapter 13. Scott, the Soccer Player Chapter 14. Matt, the Kayaker Chapter 15. Jim, the Pole-Vaulter Chapter 16. Beth, the Basketball Player
By Donald Liggett
Hypnosis compared to relaxation in the outpatient management of chronic low back pain
Arch Phys Rehab 1983 Nov 64(11):548-52
McCauley JD, Thelen MH, Frank RG, Willard RR, Callen KE.
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) presents a problem of massive dimensions. While inpatient approaches have been evaluated, outpatient treatment programs have received relatively little examination. Hypnosis and relaxation are two powerful techniques amenable to outpatient use. Seventeen outpatient subjects suffering from CLBP were assigned to either Self-Hypnosis (n = 9) or Relaxation (n = 8) treatments. Following pretreatment assessment, all subjects attended a single placebo session in which they received minimal EMG feedback. One week later the subjects began eight individual weekly treatment sessions. Subjects were assessed on a number of dependent variables at pretreatment, following the placebo phase, one week after the completion of treatment, and three months after treatment ended. Subjects in both groups showed significant decrements in such measures as average pain rating, pain as measured by derivations from the McGill Pain Questionnaire, level of depression, and length of pain analog line. Self-Hypnosis subjects reported less time to sleep onset, and physicians rated their use of medication as less problematic after treatment. While both treatments were effective, neither proved superior to the other. The placebo treatment produced nonsignificant improvement.
Psychological preparation for the Olympic Games
Institute for the Study of Youth Sports, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
We review research literature on psychological preparation for Olympic Games performance. We address research identifying psychological characteristics associated with Olympic performance success, studies examining how these attributes are developed, stress and coping in Olympians, evaluation studies of the Olympic experience with particular emphasis on factors influencing performance, and the best practice literature on effective Olympic psychological consultations. Key principles are identified as well as gaps in the knowledge base that need to be addressed by investigators. Finally, implications for preparing individual athletes, coaches, and teams are discussed.
Effects of hypnosis on flow states and golf performance
Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, South Yorkshire. J.Pate@shu.ac.uk
This study examined the effects of an hypnotic intervention on flow states and golf-chipping performance of 3 participants. The study utilized an ideographic ABA single-subject design combined with a procedure to assess the participants' internal experience (Wollman, 1986). The intervention involved relaxation, imagery, hypnotic induction, hypnotic regression, and trigger control procedures over 5 wk. and 7 trials. Analysis indicated the 3 participants increased their mean golf-chipping performance from the trials in Baseline 1 to intervention, with 2 returning to Baseline 1 performance after the intervention phase at Baseline 2. The intensity of flow experienced by the participants during the performance trials was measured using Jackson and Marsh's 1996 Flow State Scale. Two participants experienced higher flow during the intervention phase and much lower flow during Baselines 1 and 2. Finally, participants indicated the intervention seemed useful in keeping them confident, relaxed, and in control. These results support the hypothesis that an hypnotic intervention can improve golf-chipping performance and increase feelings and cognitions associated with flow.
The Effects of Preliminary Measurement on Psychological Outcomes Associated With Exercise, Hypnosis, and Quiet Rest
Replacing pain killers with Hypnosis
By Ursula Sautter, Ode Magazine
Alexis Makris, a 19-year-old hairdresser’s apprentice from Stuttgart, Germany, is jogging along a sunny beach in Greece. He’s not interested in the cold steel hook poking around in his upper left jaw, or the latex-covered fingers of the dentist wielding the instrument in his mouth. He’s too occupied with the smell of the salt sea air and the feel of the warm sand on his feet. When the tug of the wisdom tooth being pulled from his mouth becomes a little too insistent, he picks up his pace. As the tooth is finally yanked out, accompanied by a small gush of bright red blood, Makris is still running, oblivious to any pain.
Of course, Makris is jogging down that sandy strand only in his mind. His body is stretched out on a reclining chair in the Stuttgart office of dentist Albrecht Schmierer, who has just extracted Makris’ wisdom tooth because it was crowding out its neighbors. No anesthetic was used to make the procedure bearable. Instead, Makris was induced by hypnosis to concentrate on his favorite place (that Greek beach) and his favorite sport (running). While under hypnosis, he heard everything that was happening and felt the pressure and ache in his jaw but, in his words, he didn’t pay any attention to it. I was there but I wasn’t there. And I didn’t even notice when the tooth was actually pulled. It was awesome.
Increasingly, dentists, physicians and surgeons are using hypnosis to replace, or at least reduce, the use of painkillers as well as general and local anesthetics. Hypnosis may not be the method of choice for major operations, but for a growing number of procedures ranging from kidney stone fragmentation to minor surgery to childbirth it has proved an effective alternative to conventional sedatives and analgesics. Hypnosis is real, says psychiatrist David Spiegel, a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine. It’s no less palpable an analgesic than medication.
Many people are allergic to painkillers and anesthetics, so hypnosis is a crucial option for them. But hypnosis can also help prevent or reduce unwanted side effects. Makris, for example, doesn’t have a numb or swollen cheek. It’s the injection of anesthetics itself that disturbs the circulation and causes the tissue to swell, explains Schmierer, president of the German Society for Dental Hypnosis. People plagued by fear of needles or fear of going to the dentist also benefit from hypnotherapy, he adds.
Studies have confirmed these and other effects. Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville, an anesthetist at Leige University Hospital in Belgium, has used hypnosis during dozens of thyroidectomies, surgical removal of the thyroid gland. All her patients not only reported a very pleasant experience but had significantly less post-operative pain. They were also able to leave the hospital sooner and return to work faster than patients who received standard sedation for the same surgery, resulting in cost savings for hospitals and health-care insurers.
Hypnosis from the Greek word hypnos, meaning sleep was used as medical treatment as far back as the ancient Greeks. In mid-19th-century India, British physician James Esdaile first employed it during surgery. But after ether, chloroform and laughing gas were introduced, the practice was forgotten. In following decades, hypnosis largely fell into disuse, acquiring connotations of quackery and stage trickery. Only after American psychiatrist Milton Erickson rediscovered the technique in the 1950s did hypnosis become accepted again as a means of medical, dental and psycho-therapeutic practice.
Contrary to popular belief, people under hypnosis can’t be made to do things they wouldn’t normally do. They are simply in a state of highly focused attention, with a constriction in peripheral awareness and heightened responsiveness to social cues, Stanford School of Medicine’s Spiegel explains. It is most similar to the everyday state of becoming so absorbed in a good movie or a novel that one enters the imagined world and suspends awareness of the usual one. While this condition lasts, a patient may feel distanced from his surroundings but can still actively cancel the trance at all times if conditions make that seem necessary, Schmierer says.
So how do you put someone in such a state of mind? In Makris’ case, he lays down on the reclining chair and Schmierer starts with gentle conversation about how he feels slightly nervous and how he slept the previous night quite well, thank you. Then Schmierer raises his finger and asks Makris to focus on it while he breathes slowly. Once his finger touches Makris’ forehead, Schmierer says, you will be in hypnosis.
Then the dentist and his wife, Gudrun, a psychologist who sits next to Makris during the procedure, weave a gentle web of suggestions. Raise your left hand, they say in slow, low voices. It will become cool and numb, just like your jaw. Imagine your right arm is a lightning rod and send all negative sensations out through its fingertips. Your mouth now feels like it’s filled with ice cubes. You’re moving farther and farther away from all this, out of this room, out of this moment, to a wonderful place where you do what you want to do.
Makris’ eyes close, his breathing slows and his muscles relax. When he opens his mouth, the 10-minute extraction procedure begins. All the while, Schmierer and his wife continue to talk, commenting on the sounds that come and go and sensations like the prick of the dental implement that simply feels like a toothpick. When Makris appears distressed by the pressure of the forceps used to pull out his tooth they urge him to go into a deeper trance. And he does because, he says, I wanted to get away from it all. After the tooth is out, Schmierer finishes with several useful suggestions to improve the healing process, and the awakening phase begins.
New imaging techniques have recently started to reveal what occurs under hypnosis, and why pain that would otherwise lead to severe discomfort becomes bearable. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, Sebastian Schulz-Stubner and his team at Aachen University in Germany measured the brain activity of 12 healthy volunteers who received repeated heat stimulation to their skin. The researchers found that hypnosis interrupted the pain signals that normally travel from the nerve cells to the primary somatosensory cortex, where the sensation of pain is elicited. Instead, the signals fizzled out in the subcortical region, failing to produce the normal ouch effect.
Not everybody can profit from medical hypnosis, however. As a general rule, Schmierer cautions, hypnosis shouldn’t be used with people suffering from severe depression or psychiatric disorders, since they may be less able to differentiate between reality and hypnotic suggestion. Hypnosis isn’t recommended for people under the influence of alcohol either, or in cases where there hasn’t been a proper medical diagnosis. And then there’s the roughly 5 to 10 percent of the population that can only be hypnotized with great difficulty, Schmierer says, because of a lack of imagination and an inability to concentrate or plain suspicion of the procedure.
Although the number of dentists, physicians and psychotherapists who employ hypnosis is growing, it will take quite some time before the technique goes mainstream, according to Eric Vermetten, president of the Netherlands-based International Society of Hypnosis. What we need is for it to become a part of the medical curriculum, he argues, and for such bodies as the World Health Organization to recognize its use for certain indications. Until that happens, the circle of patients who, like Makris, can profit from hypnosis will remain comparatively small. It’s sad, says Vermetten. Hypnosis can do so much good with so little.