Acting up: is hysteria all in the mind?

Celebrity hysterics’ drew crowds in the 19th-century – but what can they teach us today?

Jean Martin Charcot inducing hypnosis using a magic lantern.

Jean-Martin Charcot inducing hypnosis using a magic lantern. Getty Images

In the winter of 1876, 15-year-old Louise Augustine Gleizes, a patient at the sprawling Salpêtrière women’s hospital in Paris, had 154 hysterical fits in one day. She heard voices; she saw swarms of black, demonic rats; she felt an intense pain in her right ovary; and then she lost consciousness, her body convulsing in a series of violent seizures.

  1. Medical Muses: Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Paris
  2. by Asti Hustvedt
  3. Yet this was not just a private problem. Each of Augustine’s attacks were carefully monitored by her doctor, Jean-Martin Charcot, and his team. She was wheeled out to demonstrate her symptoms to a class of students, and along with other women patients, was photographed and hypnotised to exhibit the various stages of hysteria to packed-out public lectures – becoming, in the process, a celebrity in France and beyond.

Now the teenager’s hysteria – along with fellow Salpêtrière patients Blanche Wittman and Geneviève Legrand – is the subject of Medical Muses: Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Paris, a fascinating and beautifully written book by Asti Hustvedt. Originally the term “hysteria”, widely attributed to Hippocrates, was used to describe a female disorder caused by a “wandering womb”– something now disdained as a misogynistic anachronism. Yet Hustvedt controversially argues that certain aspects of hysteria are still with us today.

Hustvedt, a French scholar, and sister of novelist Siri Hustvedt, has long been fascinated by hysteria and the Salpêtrière. “It was haunting me; I kept thinking, what does [hysteria] mean?” Yet Hustvedt’s own preconceptions about the illness, and Charcot’s treatment of his patients, also changed. She started out suspicious of his theatrical lectures in which the hypnotised hysterics were compelled to perform various degrading tasks, from stamping on imaginary snakes to kissing the hospital chaplain.

“There’s a lot that we can, and we should, criticise Charcot for. These women were undoubtedly turned into medical specimens to serve his needs,” she points out. “But at the same time, he did take hysteria seriously. He insisted that it was real, not imaginary or faked.”

This serious analysis of symptoms whose origins can’t be medically determined is not, she points out, always the approach taken by doctors and patients today. “If you are diagnosed with something whose origin remains murky – a syndrome – people experience it as something pejorative, or that they don’t have a legitimate disease.”

She also believes that Charcot’s definition of hysteria as an almost exclusively female complaint – one produced by the strange, unknowable female body – continues to dog today’s medicine. “In many ways we live in a culture that’s far less sexist than Charcot’s was,” says Hustvedt, “but when it comes to the idea that the female body is, say, more vulnerable to hormones than the male body – that absolutely continues. As does the idea that anything connected to the entirely natural, biological female reproductive system – pregnancy, childbirth, menstruation, menopause ‑ is a medical issue.”

Crucially, Hustvedt argues that it’s no use asking retrospectively, now that the diagnosis of hysteria has disappeared, which contemporary disease Charcot’s patients might have had. Hysteria, even if its causes remained mysterious, was, for Charcot and his patients, a real and recognised medical condition, some of whose frequently reported symptoms – such as sporadic limb paralysis – occur rarely today, if at all.

“All illness,” she says, “is experienced in a specific time and place, and it is classified differently depending on what culture you’re from. Significantly, they [the hysterical women] would probably not exhibit the same symptoms today.”

But some of the facets of what was once termed hysteria, do, she says, still exist: in the many neurological complaints that still go undiagnosed; in eating disorders (some of Charcot’s hysterics refused food); in the increasingly widespread diagnosis of depression (Augustine, Blanche and Geneviève all led extremely troubled and traumatic lives: towards the end of his life, Charcot was approaching a psychosomatic explanation for their symptoms); in self-mutilation, multiple personality disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome; and even in the sudden outbreak of rashes reported by schoolgirls across America in the wake of 9/11.

“There’s been a lot of talk about how hysteria has disappeared,” Hustvedt says. “In some ways that’s accurate – it’s no longer considered a medical entity or diagnosis. And at the same time, of course, it hasn’t disappeared. People continue to write about it, people continue to talk about it; it’s been broken up and reclassified into other, separate disorders. It’s just that the names have shifted.”

Betty And Barney Hill UFO Abduction Story Commemorated On Official N.H. Highway Plaque

New Hampshire — the “Live Free or Die” state — has done something that may surprise UFO believers as well as skeptics. It has just erected a historical marker commemorating the 50th anniversary close encounter of Betty and Barney Hill.

The Hills’ story is undoubtedly the most famous of all UFO experiences because (as the official plaque reads) it was “the first widely-reported UFO abduction report in the United States.”

It was also the first time that anyone in this country had reported undergoing invasive physical examinations at the hands of short, “grey” aliens.

“To tell you the truth, we were very excited about the prospect,” said Elizabeth Muzzey, director of the N.H. Division of Historical Resources, which created the new historic plaque.

“We have more than 200 markers across the state and to have a 20th Century marker topic like this, we thought, was terrific and it’s certainly a great historical challenge,” Muzzey told The Huffington Post.

Historical challenge, indeed, considering the ongoing debate over whether or not the Hills — both deceased — actually were kidnapped onto an alien spacecraft 50 years ago.

Late at night on Sept. 19, 1961, they were driving through the White Mountains of New Hampshire, returning from a Canadian vacation to their home in Portsmouth when they spotted an object in the sky with lights, which at first seemed like an airplane. But when the “airplane” began to rapidly descend in their direction, they quickly continued driving south along Route 3.

Just south of the Indian Head resort, the Hills stopped in the middle of the road and said the silent, cigar-shaped craft hovered above their car. Through binoculars, Barney claimed to see several “strangely not human” figures at the object’s windows. Fearing they were about to be captured, Barney quickly drove away.

The next thing the Hills remembered was that they were 35 miles farther along on their journey and approximately two hours had passed which they couldn’t account for. This amnesia continued to bother them, leading to physical and mental disorders until finally, three years after the experience, time-regression hypnosis was used to extract the lost information. Under separate hypnotic sessions, the Hills produced details of a reported kidnapping by aliens on board a spacecraft.

Among the various odd things about this case that were verified: both the Hills’ watches mysteriously stopped running on the night of their experience; the tops of Barney’s shoes somehow got severely scraped; Betty’s dress had a 2-inch tear at the top of the zipper, was also torn from the waist to the hemline and the hem was torn down on one side; and they found shiny circles on the trunk of their car which caused the needle of a compass to spin rapidly when it was brought close to the trunk.

The Hills’ encounter became the subject of many books and a 1975 TV movie, The UFO Incident, starring James Earl Jones and Estelle Parsons.

In 2008, Kathleen Marden, the Hills’ niece, became part of a campaign trying to get New Hampshire to create a historic landmark about her aunt and uncle’s experience. She contacted the department of cultural resources at the N.H. Division of Historical Resources in Concord.

“I was told that everything I submitted had to be backed up with a bibliography, and all of the text [for the marker] had to be footnoted,” Marden told The Huffington Post. “It was a very long process to compile everything and I sent them a lot of material. The state asked me to prove every statement that I made — I had to back up everything with source materials to indicate that I was being accurate.”

Marden, co-author of Captured! The Betty and Barney Hill UFO Experience with nuclear physicistStanton T. Friedman, says she finally received a long-awaited response this spring from the N.H. Historical Resources office.

“I had given up hope, thinking that the funding wouldn’t be allocated or that the state of New Hampshire had decided not to do this, but they told me the funding had been granted for this plaque to be erected, and they wanted some information about where I thought I would like for it to be.”

It was decided to put the historic marker at the Indian Head resort because that location had been an important part of the Hills’ original 1961 experience.

The commemorative sign, displaying the official New Hampshire state seal, and titled “Betty and Barney Hill Incident,” was unveiled on July 20 and reads:

On the night of September 19-20, 1961, Portsmouth, N.H., couple Betty and Barney Hill experienced a close encounter with an unidentified flying object and two hours of “lost” time while driving south on Rte 3 near Lincoln. They filed an official Air Force Project Blue Book report of a brightly-lit cigar-shaped craft the next day, but were not public with their story until it was leaked in the Boston Traveler in 1965. This was the first widely-reported UFO abduction report in the United States.

At the New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources, Muzzey described how they decided on the exact text to use for the UFO marker.

“We thought about the 1950s and ’60s in our country when there was such widespread interest in things such as space travel and space exploration. And in all the years since, there have been a great number of people who have asked whether other forms of life may exist out there in the solar system and beyond,” she said.

“Certainly, the experience of the Hills falls right at the center of that cultural and scientific experience,” Muzzey added. “So that’s what we are presenting in the marker — that this was the first widely reported UFO abduction report in the U.S., and a ton have since followed.”

Whether one believes or doubts that the Hills were kidnapped by aliens, what stands out about them is that they were highly credible, reliable people. Betty was a social worker and Barney had been appointed by the governor of New Hampshire to serve on the state advisory committee to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission. After campaigning for Lyndon Johnson’s successful 1964 presidential run, the Hills and Marden were invited to Johnson’s 1965 inauguration.

While the Hills’ historical highway marker is now up and available for all to see, a special 50th anniversary celebration of their UFO experience will take place at the Indian Head resort on Sept. 23-25.

WATCH THIS VIDEO ABOUT THE HILLS’ UFO ENCOUNTER:


Review – Mastering the Power of Self-hypnosis

A Practical Guide to Self Empowerment
by C. Roy Hunter
Crown House Publishing, 2010
Review by Samin Khan
Aug 16th 2011 (Volume 15, Issue 33)

What does getting hypnotized mean? For a non-scientific mind it is nothing short of black-magic, getting into a surreal trance, doing unbelievable things, utmost human power and control over another person; in simpler words making a robot out of others or himself in this case as the book is about self-hypnosis and autosuggestions in the tradition of Hypnotherapist Cuoe.

For Roy Hunter this is only a mythical popular concept of hypnosis; to get hypnotized is to get into a little different sort of mental state and interaction with another person. It is like strongly agreeing in a communicative atmosphere where suggestions are readily accepted without friction or criticism, a sort of emotional deeper communication level where the objective is not to convince oneself logically but to persuade and motivate emotionally without elaborate justifications. For the author, getting hypnotized is to respond emotionally even when we know that at another conscious level it may sound totally unreal. When watching a movie we respond to all its laughter and cries instantly but deep down we are aware that it is just a movie and nothing more. So does the hypnotized person know it is just a passing movement of intense emotional communication which will alter in no time, without a trace or memory in future? Similar to the trance created by music and poetry, no wonder Plato thought music has the power to possess people like they people who need exorcism.

From a scientific viewpoint, we know that our brains works by discharging waves and these waves can be measured by EEG (Electroencephalograph) in terms of it frequency; waves discharge like ECG of a heart where we measure functions. Brain waves of 13 and above per second mean we are in normal mode waking, usually in high gear, reasoning, talking and calculating called the Beta state. But at frequency between 8-13 EEG we are in Alpha state, where we are usually lost in imagination, inactive and relax, in a sort of daydreaming mode just like when we are in the middle of a long flight with nothing to do. Below 8 EEG we sleep in theDelta state and further down in Theta state of deep sleep where all conscious functions stop except heart, breathing and other vital processes. All this may sound medical-mysticism initially but is logical and in accordance with common place observations.

Part of the book discusses the historical progression of the concept of hypnotism and its use for public amusement on the stage; famous names like Franz Mesmer are quoted by the author who happens to be the ancestor in the family tree. For those who wish to read history, this part has useful information. In an impressive chapter author focuses on how people can get out of negative subconscious programming in addiction healing, common challenges of quitting alcohol and smoking etc are discussed in detail. The subconscious slipping down into the old state of affairs is usually the greatest danger for an addict. We have triggers and anchors and we must undo them at the subconscious level first before we change irreversibly. We can change at the surface and then fall back easily into old addictions cycle.

The last part of the book is about positive self-communication and the use of affirmative language in autosuggestions. It is always nice to use active verbs with positive emotional connotations according to the author. Words always rebound back and make things happen around us. Advice of the author is to “remain careful in what we say”, I can’t agree with him more on this. I recommend the book for everyone who has interest in positive psychology.

© 2011 Samin Khan


Hypnosis Helps Giants Manager Bruce Bochy Quit Chewing Tobacco

Chewing tobacco is as much a tradition in baseball as digging into the batter’s box or scratching your crotch. But at least one longtime chewer has kicked the habit thanks to hypnosis.

San Francisco Giants manager Bruce Bochy has been chewing tobacco for forty years, dating back to his playing days. But the Associated Press reports that after a couple of his staff members said a hypnotist help them quit the nasty habit, he decided to give it a shot.

On April 15 he spent three and a half hours in the Arizona office of hypnotherapist AlVera Paxson. In a near-sleep state, Paxson gave him instructions about quitting. Bochy then headed off to the game.

Now, Bochy usually takes a chew before the game, then during the first, fifth and eighth innings, then after the game. But the funniest thing happened — he had no craving to chew.

The craving came back the next game, though.

“It was really strange,” Bochy said. “There are so many triggers that you have that make you want to put a dip in. The following day, I did have an urge, not a real strong one. I said, ‘OK, I’ve had my day off, now it’s time to put one in.’”

But he fought the craving.

“The next game I did have an urge. The next two to three days I still had an urge, but it just wasn’t as strong as other times I’ve tried to quit,” he said. “When I got past the fourth or fifth day, I was over it. I didn’t crave it. I didn’t want it. I was fine.”

And that was it. Bochy hasn’t chewed since. He said it was the best $300 he’s even spent.

Now to solve the scratching problem…

Hypnotherapist Jake Shannon By Rachel Piper

Jake Shannon is a hypnotherapist, stage hypnotist, radio host, chairman of the Libertarian Party of Utah and an author. He also teaches mental self-defense and has a long background in wrestling—his most recent book, Say Uncle, has been one of Amazon.com’s best-selling mixed-martial-arts books.

Do you need a spinny disk to hypnotize someone?
It is just having people focus on the operator, the hypnotist’s voice. Every single person that talks is essentially a hypnotist—they just differ in their ability to get compliance. It’s important to see how powerful language is in changing our perceptions. Language is incredibly powerful. It’s just like the gun—it has to do with the intent of the awareness. A gun is just a hunk of metal. As a hypnotist, all I have is language. I don’t have pills or potions. There are lots of ways we can be nudged to do things simply by words alone. It’s pretty powerful. Hypnotism is studied a lot in psychology departments. But I think it would be better served as an interdisciplinary study between psychology and graduate-level rhetoric—the study of persuasive speech.

How do you change someone from a smoker to a nonsmoker?
Part of that is getting to that identity, and then shifting that identity. Smokers are having this conversation—“I’m stressed out, I deserve one; I’ll just have one.” Coming to me, I change it; I have them disassociate from that and have them associate with the parts of their lives that are really into health and really want them to quit. Self-conversation is largely the way that we think, and as such, you need to take charge of your self-conversation. A lot of the time we go on cruise control. The questions that we ask ourselves are crucial because we answer them—and those answers will lead us in different directions.

Can you unlock repressed memories?
Memory is a massive problem because it’s completely unreliable. There’s a huge field of forensic hypnosis, using it for purposes of law enforcement. Forensic hypnosis largely has been focused on helping people remember—you know, witness testimony and whatnot. Back in the early ’90s, there was this big rash of people remembering that their parents were abusing them; they were having these repressed memories. What they came to find out was that those memories weren’t real. Later, most of these people were cleared through DNA. What they came to find out was that these people were hypnotized, and the intent of the hypnotist was to find these memories, and so they found them—they actually created them. It destroyed lives. One of the new branches that’s being pursued in Europe in forensic hypnosis is trying to verify how suggestible people are and how bad their memories are. Witness testimony does enter in as evidence, but people are wrong all the time.

Can hypnotherapy be used for evil?
Anti-social hypnotherapy is using hypnotherapy not to help somebody, and also while they’re unaware of it. You have entire fields—NLP, neuro-linguistic programming—I take it to the woodshed in my book. This stuff is huge in sales. One of the other big applications is in the pick-up-artist community. Men and women are using it to get laid. [With mental self defense], you’re aware and you can make a better decision. If you’re in the car lot and this guy is using certain ideas and language to nudge you to make a decision, you can say, “He’s doing that right now,” and that frees you. It is important for people to know, just as it is important for men and women to know basic self-defense. The real challenge is, in the moment, are you going to remember it?

Smoker question.
Consciousness is largely a bunch of different self-conversations going on in our head. What most people don’t realize is that we have the ability to pay attention to which conversations we’re going to have. That’s why you have people who neurosises or are particularly over-worried about things. They’re listening to the nebbish voice taking them down that path. That’s why you find people who have dissaccociative identity disorder, or schizophrenia, or depression. They’re not aware of the power they have to take charge of that voice, or they’re not disciplined enough to keep fighting until the other voices shut the heck up.

Renegade Coach Employs ‘Brainwashing’ in New Triathlon Training Program

New alternative sports psychology program is geared specifically to the demands of triathletes. This cutting-edge sytem includes Hypnosis, Neuro-lingustic Programing and Energy Mechanics to empower triathletes to reach peak performance mental states for racing.

Columbus, OH (PRWEB) July 27, 2011

The success of many of today’s triathletes is no longer built solely on conventional training methods and techniques. The Renegade Triathlete Psychology System™ (RTPS) offers a unique approach to handling stress and anxiety before the race, building confidence in the athlete’s training and abilities, and clever ways to overcome the extreme mental and physical demands of this popular sport.

RTPS was developed by Performance Coach Stephen Ladd, and is founded on the alternative psychology disciplines of Hypnosis, Neuro-Linguistic Programing (NLP) and Energy Mechanics™. The combination of these three techniques is used to empower triathletes to control their mental/emotional states, and program their subconscious for peak performance in training and racing.

“The mental training is the next evolution for both beginners and top tier triathletes,” contends Ladd. Dave Scott, six times Iron Man World Champion, agrees “There’s no question, the component of triathlon training that is lagging behind is the mental component. We haven’t done a very good job of integrating psychology into training programs”.

While these methods are currently considered unconventional by most in the triathlete world, the results are well documented in many other sports and disciplines. Hypnosis has been used for decades by many of the world’s top athletes in dozens of sports. NLP is a popular “self-improvement and productivity tool” for top executives and artists. Energy Mechanics™ is a sports-specific version of Emotional Freedom Technique, a form of meridian stimulation based on the ancient art of acupuncture.

Among the triathletes that are willing to test out these “road-less-traveled” techniques is Matt Nawrocki of Columbus, Ohio. “I use the hypnosis programs and I feel calm and confident before and throughout the race. It’s like I’m brainwashed, but in a good way.”

According to Ladd, “Triathletes train longer and harder than any other athletes, at least in the physical sense. The missing link has always been a triathlete-specific program to ‘train the brain’. My new system explains in detail how to connect the mind and body for peak performance with a manual and audio hypnosis sessions”.

Stephen Ladd of http://www.TriathlonMentalTraining.com is a Triathlon Performance Coach based in Columbus Ohio, USA. The Renegade Triathlete Psychology System™ is being released to the triathlon public for the first time based on the innovative and results-proven alternative psychology disciplines of Hypnosis, NLP and Ene

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Hypnosis: The new anesthetic?

Can you imagine going through major surgery without general anesthesia? That’s what Christel Place (left) did when she had her thyroid removed – and she’s one of a growing number of patients who opt out of general anesthesia and get hypnotized instead. Hypnosis plus a local anesthetic leaves patients sedated but aware, reports the Associated Press, and doctors say their recovery time is faster and their need for painkillers reduced. This method is feasible for only certain operations, of course – not those involving the heart or internal organs.

Read more: http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-204_162-10008770.html#ixzz1TdCFiIUv

Hypnosis Eases Pain During, After Surgery

Hypnosis has been offered for certain types of surgery at the Belgian hospital, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc in Brussels, since 2003. Hundreds of patients have chosen it over general anesthesia.

According to the AP, more than 8,000 surgeries have been performed at another Belgian hospital with hypnosis. The technique has become popular in France and Belgium in recent years and some plastic and facial surgeons in Germany also use hypnosis, as well as some British dental surgeons.

During surgery, patients are sedated but aware and doctors say recovery time is faster and the need for painkillers is reduced.

The AP reports that doctors say nearly any surgery usually done with a local anesthetic could work with hypnosis and less pain medicine. There are plenty of believers in hypnosis who say it dulls a patients’ sense of pain and cuts down on the need for anesthetic.

In the end, it leads to faster recoveries and monetary savings on the part of hospitals. However, hypnosis may require doctors to spend more time with patients beforehand to do the hypnosis and they may need more careful monitoring during surgery.

With its growing popularity, the French Society of Anesthesiologists created a special hypnosis branch in their organization last year.

Still, there are no statistics on how widely used hypnosis is across Europe.

Claude Virot, a psychiatrist and director of the Institute of Research and Training in Therapeutic Communication, told the AP in several of the nearly dozen French hospitals in Rennes, a northwest city of about 200,000 people, it’s used in about half of all operations.

Meanwhile, Dr. Fabienne Roelants, an anesthetist at Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, said, “The patient’s mind goes to a pleasant place, but the body stays in the operating room.”

Roelants estimated at her hospital, one-third of all surgeries to remove thyroids and one-quarter of all breast cancer surgeries, including biopsies and mastectomies, use hypnosis and local anesthetic and she hopes to expand the technique to hernias, knee arthroscopies and plastic surgeries.

Roelants did emphasize to the AP that should a patient feel any pain during a procedure using hypnosis, they would immediately be given a painkiller shot.

Psychologist praises power and effectiveness of subliminal therapy

By Arthur Lightbourn
Contributor

These days, at 85, soon to be 86, local psychologist Edwin Yager, is making it his personal mission to spread the word about the effectiveness of what he considers to be “the treatment of the future” — subliminal therapy.

Subliminal therapy, Yager posits, is a technique that permits the patient guided by a therapist to tap into mental abilities that the patient probably doesn’t even know that he or she has [the ‘unconscious’ or ‘higher self’] and then use those abilities to halt the problems that the patient is experiencing as symptoms.

“You can get down to the root cause of the problem so you can actually resolve the problem,” he said, “not just wrestle with the symptoms.”

Not everyone agrees.

Although the theory of the unconscious mind as a repository of forgotten memories has been around for centuries, some professionals still question its scientific validity and even whether the unconscious mind exits at all.

Yager, however, says he has employed subliminal therapy in his private practice successfully for the past three decades to treat a wide range of disorders, some strictly mental, such as phobias and compulsions; and others psychogenic, with physical symptoms, such as migraine headaches, insomnia, pain, gastro-intestinal and sexual problems, even asthma.

“These often seem to be the consequences of earlier life experiences,” he said. “When you can uncover those experiences and ‘re-frame them’ and understand them in a different way, the effect changes and the symptom ceases to be there.

“The key, the focus element that’s involved here, is teaching people to use abilities they don’t know they have,” he said.

In addition to his private practice, Yager, a former engineer-turned-psychologist, is a clinical professor at UCSD School of Medicine, where, since 1975, he has taught an elective course in clinical hypnosis. He holds a Ph.D. in counseling psychology from the Professional School for Psychological Studies, San Diego

We interviewed Yager in his office off Balboa Avenue in San Diego’s Mission Bay area.

Yager is a tall Texan, who attributes his good health and longevity to three things: “The woman I married, stopping smoking and going to the gym.”

Yager was “born in a little town called El Paso, Texas.” His father was a welder. “But I never knew him very well, he died when I was a little kid.” He was raised by his widowed mom, a school teacher. “That was during the Depression, a time when a lot of people were doing a lot of hurting,” he said.
Growing up, Yager discovered he had knack for things technical and mechanical. When he was 12, he landed a job repairing radios.

During World War II, when he turned 18, he joined the Navy (1943-45), and served as an electronics technician aboard the light cruiser USS Detroit.

“The Navy never sent me to school,” he said. “I learned mostly by osmosis, from other people and just by doing it.”

After the war, he studied electrical engineering at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, began working as an engineer, earned a bachelor’s degree in current technology at Texas State Technical Institute, subsequently moved to San Diego where he worked as a group engineer with Convair for 20 years, retiring in 1973.

A pastor at a church that Yager attended in Pacific Beach learned of Yager’s interest in clinical hypnosis and asked him if he would serve as a pastoral counselor to some of the church members — which he did and discovered “This is for me. This is what I wanted to do.”

In preparation for his retirement and transitioning eventually to a second career as a psychologist, he earned a master’s degree in counseling in 1972 from United States International University, and another master’s in technical education in 1973 from National University.

In 1975, he began teaching an elective course in the clinical applications of hypnosis at the UCSD School of Medicine, initially as an instructor, then as a clinical assistant professor, and, since 2005, as a clinical professor.

His work as a clinical hypnotist subsequently led him to become a leading practitioner of subliminal therapy.

In 1982, he earned his Ph.D. in counseling psychology from the Professional School for Psychological Studies, San Diego.

His mission these days, he said, is to teach therapists from around the globe the subliminal therapy technique.

He recently conducted a two-day workshop on “Transcending Traditional Therapy” at the 16th International Conference for the Association of Psychology and Psychiatry in Athens, Greece; and is scheduled to conduct workshops in New Orleans, Phoenix and Canada.

“Subliminal therapy is clearly and distinctly different in many ways from hypnosis. The classical understanding of hypnosis doesn’t apply. Hypnosis is an element of subliminal therapy, but only an element.

“It’s a technique that makes it possible — and this is why it’s so effective and so efficient time wise — to identify the cause of problems and resolve the problem at that level. Then the symptom, which is the presenting problem, ceases to exist.

“The patient has to be intelligent enough to understand these concepts, intelligent enough to recognize that he or she has a problem and has to be open to new ways of thinking about things maybe.

“I give credit to my engineering training, my engineering way of thinking, to the totally rational, logical, step-by-step process that subliminal therapy is. Every step is determined by the outcome of the previous step.”

How long does a therapy generally take?

“It’s the briefest of brief therapies that I know of,” he said. “A patient typically comes in with multiple problems.

To solve any one of those problems, is probably not going to take more than an hour maybe two after an hour of introduction and training.”

However, some disorders take longer.

He has one patient with multiple personalities — dissociative identity disorder — whom he has been treating for 27 years. With treatment, the patient has led a relatively normal life and has maintained employment.

“The dissociative disorders are classically long term in resolution,” he conceded.

He has had a high success rate, he said, in treating addictive and sexual disorders.

Of all the disorders, he said, the toughest to treat successfully is obesity.

Asked if he has used some of these techniques, including self-hypnosis, to overcome any of his personal issues, he said: “Absolutely.”

Such as?

“I had hay fever, to a devastating degree, as a child. No longer a problem” Also sea sickness, smoking and nail-biting, no longer problems.

Any others?

“Public speaking. That was a biggie. I didn’t solve that until I was in my 40s.”

Asked if it’s necessary for a subliminal therapy patient to undergo hypnosis, Yager said: “No. There is no formal trance induction or anything of that nature implied, but, it is also true that during the course of employing subliminal therapy very commonly a patient will slip into what I identify as hypnotic trance, but it’s spontaneous.”

Asked what has surprised him most in his years as a psychologist, he replied: “The key thing, if I wanted to isolate one thing, would be the malleability of the human psyche…We learn limitations, we learn values. We are conditioned creatures…and most of that conditioning comes from life experiences.

“That’s the way problems come in; that’s the way all the good things that we enjoy come in; and even though we may have problems now, we are still malleable and knowing how to do some reconditioning, we can change.

We can eliminate that limitation. We can alter almost any aspect of our experience.”

Demonstrating how he would work with a patient, he said he would be using the word “Centrum” to speak directly to the patient’s unconscious. (He thought up that name Centrum before it was adopted by a brand of multivitamins.)

Speaking in a slow monotone, he said, “I’m going to pretend for the moment that you’re my patient. Okay?”

Okay.

“And I’m teaching you the skill and I’m going to guide you to use the skill to make the changes you want to make. My role in subliminal therapy is strictly as a guide. A source of information sometimes, but I don’t have to be involved in the content of the problems that you address. I can even do this work, a therapist can, not just ‘I’, any clinician trained in this, can even do this work without even knowing what the patient’s problem is.

“So, you’re my patient and you came in with some problem…. And I have to be able to communicate with your ‘centrum.’”

He asks the patients to create in his conscious mind’s eye, the image of a chalkboard or computer screen, upon which Centrum can write.
“So I ask that you create that imaginary chalkboard right now. Got it?”

Okay.

“I ask your Centrum to indicate willingness to communicate this way by writing the word “Yes” on the chalkboard.

“Tell me when the word “Yes” is there.”

It’s there.

“Now you might reasonably at this point ask, how do I know that came from Centrum? A reasonable question.

And at least part of the answer to that question is that if, in fact, Centrum writes on the chalkboard, in all probability, you will not be able to erase it consciously.”

“Is the word ‘Yes’ still on?”

Yes.

“I invite you to try to erase it. Still there?”

Yes.

“Centrum, please erase the word ‘yes’ and replace it with a different word. I ask, Centrum, that you select a word and write it on the chalkboard.
Write a word, Centrum, that will surprise you, consciously…Centrum, please write the surprise word now on that chalkboard. Got a word?”

Not yet.

“Okay. Be patient. Got it?”

Okay.

“Are you consciously satisfied that you didn’t think that word up and put it there?”
I don’t know.

“You question that you did. Okay. Centrum, erase that word and please reach out somewhere and select a different word that truly will be unexpected and truly will surprise you consciously. Got that word?

Yes.

“Are you satisfied consciously that you didn’t think that word up and put it there?”

Yes.

“At this point, if you were my patient, I would start interacting with Centrum….You’re job now, as we work together, would be to tell me what Centrum writes on the chalkboard….The moment you tell me your conscious opinion in lieu of what Centrum writes, at that moment, we start spinning wheels. So here’s a little guiding rule, anytime I preface a question with the name ‘Centrum’, the next words I hear from you, I hope, will be the words on the chalkboard.

“You may get answers that don’t make sense. And you may get answers you don’t agree with. You may strongly disagree. And that’s all okay as long as you’ll tell me what those answers are as opposed to what you think they should be…. No other psychotherapy I know approaches it this way.”

We just went through a little hypnosis, didn’t we?

“You did,” he said. “It was not a deliberate induction on my part. Not everybody goes into trance, but most people do.”

Quick Facts

Name: Edwin K. Yager, Ph.D.

Distinction: UCSD School of Medicine clinical professor Edwin Yager is a leading practitioner in the use of clinical hypnosis and subliminal therapy to treat a wide range of disorders, addictions and illnesses.

Born: El Paso, Texas, 85 years ago

Education: Ph.D. in counseling psychology, Professional School of Psychological Studies, San Diego, 1982; M.T.E. (Masters in Technical Education), National University, San Diego, 1973; M.A. in counseling, United States International University, San Diego, 1972; B.T. (Bachelor of Technology), Texas State Technical Institute, Waco, Texas, 1969; studied electrical engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 1946-49.

Family: He and his wife, Gwen, have been married 35 years. “I had one practice marriage before this one and raised seven children, including four stepchildren, between the two marriages.”

Military service: U.S. Navy, electronics technician, 1943-45.

Interests: Family, woodworking, river cruises

Writing: He is the author of “Foundations of Clinical Hypnosis: From Theory to Practice,” considered a “must read” by fellow psychologists. He is currently working on a book on subliminal therapy.

Recent reading: “Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America,” by Robert Whitaker

Favorite TV: Every summer, he and his wife, re-watch all the episodes of their favorite TV series, “The West Wing.”

Favorite film: “The American President,” 1995 comedy, starring Michael Douglas and Annette Bening.

Philosophy: “People. I’m not tired at the end of the day. I’m energized by the people I work with.”

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New age or new edge

BY RYAN E. SMITH

You’re getting sleeeeepy. Verrry sleeeepy.

Then — bam! — it’s all over, and you’ve delivered a baby.

OK, it’s not nearly as easy as that, but you might be surprised by how hypnosis is being used these days. It’s not just about getting people to stop smoking or lose weight anymore.

Hypnosis is quietly helping athletes increase their performance and surgical patients manage their pain. And yes, it’s even gained the notice of prospective mothers.

“When the mind is relaxed or the woman is not in fear, she’s able to relax her body. When the body is relaxed, when all the muscles are relaxed, normal, natural functions [such as childbirth] don’t need to hurt,” said Hayuta Cohen, an Israeli-born hypnotherapist in Encino who has led several classes in HypnoBirthing.

This is simply one way that treatments once considered alternative are evolving to become more widespread. In addition, many of these therapies are being integrated with traditional medicine. For proof, look no further than the existence of the UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, founded in 1993.

“There’s definitely a move toward integration or bringing the best of multiple traditions,” said Malcolm Taw, assistant clinical professor at the center.

More than one-third of American adults used some sort of complementary medicine in 2007, according to the most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics. Taw said the reasons are simple.

“Overall, the patients want this,” he said. “They want to avoid potential medications or other interventions, whether surgery or injections, and they want to try other treatments that have less of a side-effect profile.”

Some have tried Western medicine without success. Others are looking for a less expensive choice or one that is natural and uses the body’s inherent abilities to heal itself. Many of these therapies, often termed complementary and alternative medicine, have roots that go back decades, if not centuries, in other parts of the world. The way practitioners are tinkering with them and using them in conjunction with Western medicine, however, is modern and ever-changing.

Just ask Uri Kenig.

The psychotherapist from Israel set up shop in Encino 23 years ago, and at first glance his office looks like any other. There’s a large window letting in plenty of natural light, a comfortable couch for the patient — of course — and soothing music available at the touch of a button.

But there is something unusual in the corner of the office: a high chair, the kind you might find at a patio bar, and in front of it, a short stool. This is where Part Two of Kenig’s unique form of treatment takes place — the part that comes after you’ve told him your life story. It’s this part that has attracted the attention of approximately 1,000 of his colleagues in Israel.

“Something was always missing for me about the incomplete process of talk therapy,” Kenig said. “I found myself hearing, time and time again, clients saying to me: ‘I understand my problem. What should I do about it?’ ”

The conundrum led the 60-year-old to look at the mind-body connection and how chronic emotional problems may lead to chronic physical conditions. Kenig’s investigation took him beyond traditional talk therapy, and into the world of energy healing and touch therapy. That’s where the chair in the corner comes into play.

As part of a system he developed called IPEC (Integrated Physical Emotional Clearing), Kenig sits on the low stool and asks clients to hold out both arms. He pushes down to check muscle resistance and either touches the hand to different parts of the body or asks questions.

“I’ve devised, in a very accurate and planned way, by questions, to get slowly a feedback from the body, from the unconscious mind,” Kenig said. “On specific words, the muscle will go weak. On specific other words, it will be strong. … There is a psychological story. The client is completely unaware.”

He then cross-checks what he says the body tells him against numerous charts and two large, colorful, home-made matrixes filled with hundreds of words that lead him to an assessment. Kenig, who has a doctorate in clinical psychology from the California Graduate Institute, said he has used IPEC to trace one patient’s migraines to problems at work and another patient’s breathing problems to an issue dating back to the client’s birth.

Kenig then uses LED light therapy or vibrating massage directed toward certain organs or body parts considered to be the source of the problem. He also uses music and meditation. The underlying theory behind the method is that the universe is made of energy and every individual has his or her own energy fields. In order for change to break through that field and restore a normal balance, it needs a little push — in this case, aided through things like light or vibrations.

The most recent statistics show that more than 1.2 million Americans sought some sort of energy healing therapy in 2007. That’s minuscule compared to the nearly 39 million people who used nonvitamin, nonmineral natural products, such as fish oil and ginkgo biloba — the largest category measured — and a much smaller segment than even the 3 million-plus who turned to acupuncture for relief.

Despite the increasing numbers, it’s still a field that has a lot to prove, believes Dr. Larry Bergstrom, director of the Integrative Medicine Program at the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Ariz.

“I haven’t found these types of therapies to be helpful,” he said. “They distract from addressing important aspects of each person’s illness.”

He further explained, “The people who invent and use these techniques fill a niche for a patient for whom conventional medicine has failed. I don’t think the [technique] is the issue; it is listening to the patients, believing them and creating a scenario where the patients can help themselves become better.”

Over the years, Kenig has trained 1,000 IPEC practitioners in Israel. He also recently started instruction seminars in Encino.

“The therapy is producing very fast results,” he said.

That’s what attracted one patient from Encino, who has seen him for a number of problems, including chronic fatigue.

“One session with him is the equivalent of 50 with another therapist,” said the woman, who asked that only her first name, Ada, be used to identify her. “He, with his technique, is like a laser that cuts through all the nonsense that we keep telling ourselves as people to justify our behavior. … Then he energetically clears the need to continue with the behavior.”

Another Jewish patient, a 36-year-old from Tarzana who asked to be identified only by his initials, E.M., said he sought help from Kenig for a persistent, itchy rash on his hands and feet.

Other doctors gave him cortisone, but his condition didn’t improve. After a few meetings with Kenig, E.M. said he was cured. The apparent source? Anxiety over whether to continue his education after college or enter the workforce.

“At first, I was a bit apprehensive about it because I never really was a fan of head doctors of any sort, or homeopathic. I didn’t know anything about it,” E.M. said. Now his attitude has turned 180 degrees: “You’ve definitely got to give it a try.”

Still, many unanswered questions linger, and scientific studies have a long way to go as they investigate the effectiveness of many alternative approaches. Kenig said he is not aware of any studies being conducted concerning IPEC.

Some research is under way in other areas, however, such as the field of hypnosis,  once considered the realm of stage performers who made audience members cluck like chickens. Serious science is aimed at overcoming this caricature, however.

One current study at Baylor University is examining the effectiveness of hypnosis in reducing the severity and frequency of hot flashes in menopausal women and breast cancer survivors; another by Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York is implementing a training program in presurgery hypnosis for nurse anesthetists.

Hypnosis, which is defined as an altered state of consciousness characterized by increased responsiveness to suggestion, is used to relax the body and then shift attention to a narrow range of objects or ideas. You can even hypnotize yourself.

“All hypnosis is self-hypnosis,” said Cohen, who is certified in the practice by the National Guild of Hypnotists and is also a registered nurse. “They used to believe that the hypnotist had magical powers, but we don’t.”

Not everyone believes that last part. Cohen said her fellow Israelis tend to be particularly suspicious of hypnotherapy in general.

“Israelis are the only group that generally asks, ‘What if I don’t wake up? I worry about losing control,’ ” she said.

Experts say those under hypnosis cannot be coerced into doing anything against their will, but events earlier this year have raised concerns over how the practice is used and by whom. A Florida school principal with a history of using hypnosis to help athletes perform better and students relax before big tests brought the issue to the forefront in April after one of his pupils was found dead of an apparent suicide a day after being hypnotized.

The educator is now on paid leave, and while newspaper reports indicate there appears to be no connection between the hypnosis and the suicide, he is being investigated for possibly violating a law prohibiting the performance of therapeutic hypnosis without the presence of a medical professional.

Still, with 500,000 people using hypnosis in some form as of 2007, the therapy is not going away. If anything, it’s only being adapted to more uses, which include treating chronic pain, respiratory ailments, stress, anxiety and headaches.

And then there’s HypnoBirthing, a copyrighted educational course in which women and their birth companions take classes in self-hypnosis as an alternative to traditional birthing preparation methods such as Lamaze. Only 23 percent of participants — which have included celebrities Jessica Alba and Pamela Anderson — end up using epidurals, compared to the national average of 71 percent, according to the HypnoBirthing Institute, which has offices in New Hampshire and Arizona.

Cohen said she thinks the field of hypnosis will continue to shed its old image and move in the direction of becoming mainstream and integrated with traditional medicine.

“Kind of like what chiropractics went through years ago,” she said. “It’s considered less and less alternative and more a complementary part of treatment.”

Fern Saitowitz of West Hills is a cancer patient who looked to Cohen and hypnosis to help her sleep.

“I don’t like sleeping tablets, and I’d rather use hypnotherapy to go to sleep than take a sleeping tablet,” she said.

She described the sessions as exercises in relaxation and guided imagery. For Saitowitz, a former scuba diving instructor, that meant imagining herself on the beach and then underwater.

“It touched my heart,” she said, adding that she hasn’t had any sleeping problems since her first session. “Whatever she did, it worked really well.”

For skeptics still worried about the power of suggestion, Saitowitz said to, well, relax.

“People do think that it’s mind control, and it’s not like that at all,” she said. “She helps you go into a place in your mind where you can relax and you can make your mind work for you.”

Alternative and complementary medicines, led by dietary supplements, are only going to get bigger, said Dr. Steven Rosenblatt, a physician and complementary medicine practitioner based in West Los Angeles who was one of the earliest adopters of acupuncture in the United States.

“What we’re realizing is that in order to truly treat the complete person, we need more than one tool, and complementary medicine gives more tools for treatment,” he said.

Which means there could be an increasing number of people like Dafna Tene.

When her father was terminally ill with cancer nearly 10 years ago, she started seeing Feline Kondula, a nutritional consultant at Nutrikon Wellness Group in Toluca Lake, in hopes that she could help him. It turned out to be too late for that, but the facility that houses practitioners of acupuncture, Pilates and other therapies all under one roof attracted Tene to stay for her own health.

Tene, 43, a real estate broker and mother of three from Calabasas, now eats organic food, has given up red meat, and downs about 18 pills containing vitamins and other supplements each day. Whenever she gets sick, she turns to Nutrikon.

“We laugh in our family. We call [Kondula] God. … She cures everything,” she said.

Well, almost everything. For Tene’s fear of flying, she sought out help from Kenig and his IPEC method. So far, she’s a believer.

“A lot of people who follow Western medicine look at me like I’m crazy. But you know what?” she said. “It works. It 100 percent works.”